Surgical Approaches for Charcot Foot

2023-11-14

Charcot neuroarthropathy is a rare, but devastating complication of diabetes¹. Progressive destruction of the bones and joints of the foot cause deformities and thus alter foot biomechanics¹. If not recognized nor treated properly, the disease can result in ulcer formation, infection, and progression of the disease with joint instability and bone destruction^2,3. In the worst case, limb amputation is required^4,5.

In this article, we will focus on the foot biomechanics, challenges of Charcot foot surgery and briefly describe different surgical approaches.

Foot Biomechanics

The most common foot bone anatomies involved in the Charcot neuroarthropathy are⁶:

The Lisfranc joint: articulation between the midfoot and forefoot; affected in about 60% of cases.
The Chopart joint: transverse/midtarsal joint (talus and calcaneus proximally, navicular and cuboid bone distally); affected in about 30% of cases.
The ankle joint: affected in about 10% of cases.

In patients with advanced stages of the disease, the involved joints collapse, and the foot takes on an abnormal shape, such as the rocker bottom appearance shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 – Differences in appearance between normal foot and Charcot foot⁶

The altered joint morphology – a result of osteopenia and lack of proprioceptive feedback – increases mechanical forces, leading to further joint deterioration in a negative feedback loop.

Indications for Charcot Foot Fixation

The main goal of Charcot foot treatment, independent of the approach, is to achieve a stable plantigrade foot resistant to ulceration, prevent amputation, and improve the patient’s quality of life⁷. Untreated deformities may cause ulcers with the risk for deep infection and subsequent amputation. Lower limb amputation, in turn, significantly impacts patients’ lives⁸. Partial foot amputation was reported to result in mortality rates of 22% after 1 year, whereas transtibial or more proximal amputations can reach mortality rates as high as 52% after 1 year⁸.

Therefore, surgical reconstruction should be considered in the presence of the following⁶:

Severe instability of the foot or ankle
Varus or valgus deformity of the foot or ankle
Acute dislocation of the foot or ankle
Infected, long standing and recalcitrant ulcers
Failure of previous conservative treatment.

Patients with an unstable ankle in the coronal and sagittal plane are very prone to ulceration and require rapid surgical reconstruction. Daniel Scott (MD, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) Orthopaedics, Charleston) confirms: “Every time I see a patient with Charcot of the ankle, I’m a lot more worried. These patients are prone to ulceration and require rapid surgery when the coronal and sagittal plane show an unstable ankle.”

The most common methods of Charcot foot fixation are internal fixation, external fixation, or a combination of both⁹. The success of Charcot foot surgery, however, can be compromised by various factors, including:

Delayed wound healing and infection
- impacted by immune dysfunction, hyperglycemia, and nutritional and biologic deficiencies
Delayed bone healing due to neurovascular and autonomic dysfunctions
- along with inflammation and trophic alterations to bone⁹.

Therefore, the combination of altered bone healing, decreased bone density, poor soft tissue envelope, and recurrent progressive fracture patterns create significant challenges for surgical fixation methods⁹.

Internal Fixation

Charcot-specific fixation systems have evolved to address the mechanical demands on internal fixation constructs due to bone resorption, fragmentation, and osteoporosis^9,10. Internal fixation methods include plating with locking screws, axial beaming with solid bolts and screws, and retrograde hindfoot intramedullary nailing¹⁰.

As standard plating is usually insufficient for Charcot foot reconstruction, the principle of superconstructs was first described by Sammarco et al. (2009). It is defined by 4 factors⁷:

Fusion is extended to non-affected joints for better fixation.
Bone resection to shorten the extremity is performed to allow adequate reduction without undue tension on the soft tissue envelope.
The strongest implant, as tolerated by the soft tissue envelope, is selected.
- In particular, biomechanical studies of Charcot-specific implants showed higher stiffness, force to failure, and pullout strength for stainless steel than for titanium¹¹.
Implants are positioned in a way to maximize mechanical function.

Midfoot beaming allows for restoring the medial and lateral columns with minimal soft tissue dissection¹⁰. Beaming can be performed with screws or bolts and resists axial loading forces across the midtarsal joints¹⁰. However, the risk of hardware failure after beaming should be considered. Hardware failure rates reported in scientific literature vary from 4% to 67%^12-14.

Mohammad Sharif (DPM, Village Podiatry, Atlanta) explains his beaming approach: “My surgical approach always includes beaming. Beaming of the medial and lateral column is usually considered for midfoot pathologies, whereas the subtalar joint is included when the rear foot is also involved.”

Intramedullary nail fixation is used for hindfoot and ankle reconstruction, with tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis being the most common technique¹⁰. Retrograde intramedullary nailing offers a stable load-sharing fixation that resists torsional forces¹⁰.

External Fixation

External fixation is especially useful in the presence of poor bone quality, ulceration, compromised soft tissue, active infection, or osteomyelitis, where the use of internal fixation is limited or contraindicated¹⁰. Circular external fixation is the most described external fixation method as it allows deformity correction while providing stability and compression when arthrodesis is required⁹. Compared to monolateral external fixators, circular external fixators do not rely on the cortical fixation of half pins but gain stability through transosseous wires⁹. They are suitable for midfoot, rearfoot, and ankle deformities⁹. An overview of different concepts of circular external fixation is shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Characteristics of circular external fixation concepts⁹

Circular External Fixation Concept	Characteristics
Static circular external fixation	Provide primary stability or can augment fixation Can be prebuilt and are thus easy to use Example: combination of 2 tibia circular rings and a foot plate
Stabilization off-loading	Different designs, including hybrid constructs with circular rings and a bar-to-clamp apparatus Suitable to off-load wounds and for soft tissue reconstruction Off-loading constructs can be converted to a static or dynamic external fixation construct Example: tibia and forefoot ring connected with threaded rods
ADynamic external fixation	For severe long-standing deformities requiring staged correction Examples: Ilizarov technique or hexapod systems Allows continuous postoperative adjustment and thus prevents over- or undercorrection

The most common complications associated with external fixation are pin site infections, pin/wire fixation failure, deep infection, malunion or nonunion⁹. Besides surgical experience, the outcome also highly depends on appropriate patient selection, continuous patient education, family support, and regular follow-up by a multidisciplinary team⁹.

Combined Internal and External Fixation

Severe obesity, a need for increased mechanical stability and/or soft tissue protection, control of adjacent joint mobility, and a high risk for hardware failure are the main indications for a combined internal and external fixation approach⁹. Internal fixation for midfoot correction combined with external fixation can be used to address an equinus contracture. In the presence of unstable rearfoot or ankle deformities, the combination of plate fixation or intramedullary nailing with external fixation can provide proper alignment while providing compression and limited motion for better bone healing⁹.

Best Practice Tips and Pitfalls

Patients with diabetic neuropathy have difficulties in adhering to long periods of non-weightbearing. Therefore, robust and durable constructs are even more important than in non-diabetic and non-neuropathic patients¹⁵.
In patients with midfoot pathologies, the placement of both a medial and lateral beam can prevent recurrent midfoot deformity¹⁶. Additional beams can be considered to improve postoperative outcomes¹⁶. You can find more information about beaming of midfoot pathologies here.
In patients with combined midfoot and hindfoot pathologies, a combination of a hindfoot nail, midfoot beams and locking plates is used in modern approaches¹⁷. When using this combination, make sure that the hindfoot nail is inserted outside of the medial third of the talus as this area is reserved for medial column beam¹⁷.

14. Butt DA, Hester T, Bilal A, Edmonds M, Kavarthapu V. The medial column Synthes Midfoot Fusion Bolt is associated with unacceptable rates of failure in corrective fusion for Charcot deformity: Results from a consecutive case series. Bone Joint J. Jun 2015;97-b(6):809-13. doi:10.1302/0301-620x.97b6.34844

15. Kummen I, Phyo N, Kavarthapu V. Charcot foot reconstruction—how do hardware failure and non-union affect the clinical outcomes? Annals of Joint. 2020;5

16. Grant W, Grant-McDonald L. Beaming the Charcot Foot. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. Oct 2022;39(4):605-627. doi:10.1016/j.cpm.2022.05.007

17. Kavarthapu V, Guduri V, Hester T. Combined Charcot hindfoot and midfoot reconstruction using internal fixation method—surgical technique and single surgeon series. Annals of Joint. 2023;8

Link to the Charcot article about internal fixation.

Link to Charcot article “Charcot Foot Reconstruction Using Internal Fixation”

Link to the downloadable premium material: “Neuropathic (Charcot) Foot surgical cases”.

Surgical Management of the Charcot Ankle2024-01-17

Charcot neuroarthropathy of the ankle is an especially challenging condition that often leads to instability and destruction of the joint with significant morbidity requiring an amputation in many instances^1-3. According to Brodsky et al., the ankle is affected in 9% of patients with Charcot neuroarthropathy, whereas the hindfoot is involved in 30-35%³. The overall goal of Charcot ankle reconstruction is to achieve a painless, plantigrade and stable foot, and thus avoid ulceration with subsequent infection^1,2. However, this procedure is also associated with a high complication rate^1,2.

Postoperative Management in Charcot Foot Reconstruction2024-01-10

The successful treatment of Charcot foot does not end with a completed surgery; success also requires a diligent postoperative care regime. This devastating condition mainly affects patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy, resulting in bone destruction and joint deformation¹. During the initial, inflammatory stage, the recommended treatment consists of off-loading with total contact casts or custom orthotics to prevent further damage, although surgical management is indicated in cases of severe instability or soft tissue compromise². After the acute stage, the focus of treatment is on deformity correction and foot reconstruction to prevent further damage and improve the patients’ quality of life².

Foot and Ankle Charcot Reconstruction with External Fixation2023-12-20

Surgical reconstruction of foot and ankle Charcot with external fixation is especially useful in the presence of poor bone quality, ulceration, compromised soft tissue, active infection, or osteomyelitis – cases in which the use of internal fixation is limited or contraindicated¹.

Charcot Foot Reconstruction Using Internal Fixation2023-12-12

Appropriate timing for surgical intervention is a matter of controversy among specialists¹. While in the past Charcot foot surgical reconstruction was mainly reserved to salvage the limb, today surgeons also perform operative corrections to ensure patients can use commercially available footwear instead of cumbersome orthoses¹. Regardless, the main goal of Charcot foot surgery, independent of the fixation method, is to create a stable and plantigrade foot. This article will discuss different approaches for Charcot foot surgery with internal fixation, focusing on midfoot reconstruction.

Expert Tips on How to Medically Diagnose Charcot Arthropathy2023-11-30

The diagnosis of Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle can be challenging due to a lack of information in the patient's history, clinical assessment, imaging, and laboratory findings¹. It is assumed that one in four cases of acute foot and ankle Charcot are undiagnosed or misdiagnosed¹. However, correct diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial to avoid ulceration, worsening deformity, infection, or amputation¹.

Charcot Arthropathy Symptoms and Initial Stage2023-11-21

Charcot arthropathy occurs in the presence of peripheral neuropathy and metabolic abnormalities. Today it is seen more commonly in patients with long-standing diabetes^1,2. Its pathogenesis, although still largely unknown, involves several pro-inflammatory pathways, which stimulate osteoclastic activity³.

Medical Resources for Charcot Foot & Ankle Specialists2023-11-14

There is an overwhelming wealth of scientific literature available on Charcot foot. In this article, we gather and summarize some of the most interesting sources, including Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle reviews, diabetic foot reviews, and diabetic foot care articles.

The Experts’ Definition of Diabetic Charcot Foot2023-11-14

Charcot foot is a progressive, devastating pathology defined by bone and joint changes that occur as a result of loss of sensation. Also called Charcot joint or neuropathic arthropathy, this condition is almost always associated with the vascular and neurological changes caused by poorly controlled diabetes¹.

Charcot Surgical Reconstruction2023-11-14

Charcot foot, also called Charcot neuropathy, is a condition caused by a combination of peripheral neuropathy and vascular disorders that results in progressive joint damage and eventually foot instability¹. If left untreated, the consequences for patients are devastating, with reduced quality of life, inability to weight-bear, and an increased risk of amputation².

Post-Operative Management of Deformity Correction Surgery with External Fixation2023-11-09

The successful outcome of a deformity correction with external fixation surgery relies also on a meticulous post-operative management approach. It is critical to optimal healing and the restoration of functionality. Wound care, pain control, rehabilitation exercises, monitoring of complications, and regular follow-ups are integral to a faster recovery.^[¹^]

Why Playing Video Games Can Be Good For Patient’s Health?2023-11-08

Modern healthcare is evolving fast and creatively. One of the key difficulties faced by a young child who has undergone orthopedic surgery is to contain their movement to allow for appropriate healing. The younger the child, the more challenging it is to remain immobile.

The Growing Skeleton and Deformity2023-11-02

The human skeleton consists of an intricate architecture of bones – a living tissue that is perpetually undergoing transformation throughout our lives. The most significant portion of bone development, repair, and remodeling occurs during a person's growth period in their youth and adolescence, contributing to our adult body structure. However, certain factors can disrupt this process, leading to skeletal issues like limb deformity.^[¹^]

Mobile Apps in Orthopedic Post-surgery2023-10-19

Modern healthcare is taking orthopedic aftercare to the next level by ensuring a more personal touch to the patient, once they are released from their hospital stay. Going home after any minor or major surgery is a time of heightened anxiety and proper post-operative (post-op) care instructions and resources are key to ensure that the patient can benefit most from the treatment.

Ultrasound and Cementless Prosthesis Revision2023-09-15

Total joint replacement surgeries are one of the most common procedures practiced in orthopedics with hip and knee replacements being the most common procedures performed, followed by shoulder and elbow replacements. Over time, a total joint replacement begins to wear and tear, and a revision procedure may be necessary to replace worn-out joint components with a new or improved prosthesis.

Ultrasound and the Removal of Bone Cement in Revision Arthroplasty Surgery2023-09-12

Revision arthroplasty is a procedure performed when a worn-out hip, knee, shoulder, or elbow joint replacement component requires replacement with a new prosthesis. Hip and knee arthroplasties are some of the most common procedures undertaken today. It is estimated that in 10 years, the number of primary total hip arthroplasty interventions will grow by 71% to 635,000 procedures, and primary total knee arthroplasties will undergo an 85% increase, totaling 1.26 million procedures in the United States. Consequently, total hip and total knee revisions are projected to grow by 137% and 601%, respectively, between 2005 and 2030.^[1] Shoulder arthroplasty is also a prevalent joint replacement surgery, being the third most common after hip and knee replacement. In terms of complications, total elbow arthroplasty has complication rates higher than that of total joint arthroplasty of all other joints.

The Challenges Associated with Revision Arthroplasty2023-09-07

Painful arthritic and inflammatory conditions of the joints are common and often lead to the need for surgical intervention. Severe cases require complete joint replacement such as total knee arthroplasty, total hip replacement and total shoulder or elbow arthroplasty.

Principles of Multiplanar Deformity Analysis and Correction in Long Bone2022-02-17

A multiplanar deformity analysis can be both simple and complex: a correct determination of angular and metric deformity apex and plane is a fundamental task. This is true in both the preoperative surgery planning and the postoperative management phases, in order to obtain the most accurate correction and promote the quickest recovery for the patient’s well-being.

Calculation of the True Plane of the Deformity2022-02-17

The initial assessment of any lower extremity deformity is fundamental to plan a successful surgical program of correction, as well as an effective post-operative management of the healing process. The assessment should include the X-rays of full length weight bearing of both legs, with a complete axis evaluation to fix the position of the deformities, which is “the true plane of the deformity”.

Tips for Timely Diagnosis of Charcot Foot and Ankle2022-01-17

It is known that around 9 per cent of patients with diabetic neuropathy and foot ulcers develop a Charcot foot and ankle. This pathology often goes unrecognized, particularly during the acute phase, until severe complications occur, such as an abnormal pressure distribution on the plantar fascia with bones weakened enough to fracture, followed by a marked foot and ankle deformation and, in the worst cases, by amputation. Thus, today, one of the most crucial questions is how to timely diagnose this condition.

Acute or Gradual Correction of a Deformity?2022-01-17

Although several studies have reported good results of the treatment of the lower extremity deformity combined with shortening – a condition that often means disabling impairment in the daily life activities – to date there are still very few studies that review the evidence by comparing the outcomes of acute versus gradual correction.

Magnetic Resonance for Charcot Foot and Ankle Diagnosis2021-12-21

Charcot Foot and Ankle is a significant problem caused by peripheral neuropathy, with an estimated incidence of 0.3 to 7.5% in the diabetic population. This condition, which is also known as Charcot arthropathy, Charcot joint, or neuropathic arthropathy, affects the soft tissues, joints, and bones in the foot and ankle. If left untreated, it may lead to progressive foot deformity, ulceration, or osteomyelitis. In the most advanced stages, it may be necessary to resort to limb amputation.

Tips for the Prevention of Charcot Foot and Ankle2021-12-17

Charcot Foot and Ankle is a severe condition that, if left untreated, may lead to deformity, permanent disability, amputation or ultimately to the patient’s death. People with diabetic neuropathy are at high risk of developing Charcot Foot and Ankle, because of the decreased sensation and diminished ability to feel temperature, pain or trauma.

CORA (Center Of Rotation of Angulation)2021-12-17

The term CORA (Center of Rotation of Angulation) means a method of mechanical and anatomical axis planning based on joint orientation, which has gained international recognition and acceptance. Many surgeons from all over the world apply this method to limb lengthening and deformity correction, and the CORA principles and concepts have clearly shaped both design and functionality of the last generation of external devices.

Computerized Tomography for Charcot Foot and Ankle Diagnosis2021-12-14

Charcot Foot and Ankle, also known as Charcot arthropathy or Charcot joint, is a condition caused by peripheral neuropathy, leading to the progressive degeneration and destruction of the soft tissue, joint, and bone. In modern society, the most common cause for this neuropathic neuropathy is diabetes mellitus, with long-term diabetic patients having an increased risk of developing the condition.

Radionuclide for Charcot Foot and Ankle Diagnosis2021-12-09

Early Charcot Foot Diagnosis is essential to a proper management, but this can be challenging. There are some factors that should increase clinical suspicion for acute Charcot arthropathy, namely if the patient presents with:

Radiography for Charcot Foot and Ankle Diagnosis2021-12-07

Charcot Foot and Ankle, also known as Charcot arthropathy, neuropathic arthropathy or Charcot joint, is a progressive condition that affects the bones, joints and soft tissue of the foot and ankle. It is caused by peripheral neuropathy. Today, diabetes is the most common cause for developing Charcot Foot and Ankle.

Charcot Foot and Ankle Diagnosis: The Multidisciplinary Approach2021-12-02

Patients with Charcot neuroarthropathy, a condition that affects the bones, joints, and soft tissues of the foot and ankle, greatly benefit from a timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. However, Charcot Foot and Ankle diagnosis can be quite challenging, especially in an early stage, where acute symptoms can be similar to other conditions.

Charcot Foot and Ankle: Patient Questions and Doctor Answers2021-11-30

Linked to peripheral neuropathy, Charcot Foot and Ankle is one of the serious foot complications affecting people with diabetes. Foot injuries that go unnoticed due to the reduced pain sensation accumulate, and, over time, there is bone deformation, ulceration, and infection. In a worst-case scenario, amputation may be necessary.

Charcot Foot and Ankle Causes: Where the Pathology Starts2021-11-25

Charcot Foot and Ankle, also known as Charcot arthropathy, is a progressive, inflammatory condition that affects the bones, joints, and soft tissues in the feet of people with peripheral neuropathy. If left untreated, Charcot of the foot and ankle leads to severe deformity, ulceration, and – worst-case scenario – to limb amputation.

The Stages of Charcot Foot and Ankle Disease and The Importance of a Quick Diagnosis2021-11-23

When dealing with Charcot Foot Disease, a swift diagnosis is crucial to improve patient outcomes and avoid complications such as foot deformity, ulceration, and in a worst-case scenario, limb amputation. However, not all physicians are able to recognize the initial signs of a Charcot Foot and Ankle in their diabetic patients.

Weight Bearing and Dynamization2021-11-17

Weigh bearing is considered a significant clinical issue particularly when an external fixator has been applied to a lower limb. If mechanical stability is in fact a mandatory condition for promoting fracture healing, other key components for a full recovery of the bone are early weight bearing and dynamization.

The Compression-Distraction Technique2021-11-17

In the compression-distraction technique, one site of the bone is lengthened and another site is immediately or gradually compressed. In the lower limb, the compression-distraction technique is generally performed in the presence of leg shortening associated with small bone defects – less than 3cm in the tibia and/or less than 5cm in the femur.

Emergency in Diabetic Foot and Ankle2021-11-16

Diabetic foot is one of the most important sources of morbidity in patients with diabetes, affecting 6.4% of patients worldwide. It is the most common cause of lower extremity amputation.

Charcot Foot and Ankle: Definition and Classification2021-11-12

Charcot Neuroarthropathy, also called Charcot Foot and Ankle, is a progressive and inflammatory condition that weakens the soft tissues, bones, and joints of the foot and ankle. This complex and challenging type of neuropathic arthropathy is commonly linked to diabetes. If left untreated, it can lead to devastating consequences, such as deformity, ulceration, and infection. In the worst-case scenario, it may result in limb amputation.

Dealing With Pin Site Problems2021-10-17

To prevent and manage pin site problems, the patient should be clearly informed of the protocol he/she needs to follow for pin site care in the post-operative phase. And not only the patient, but all people involved in the healing process outside the hospital should know the protocol.

Controversies on the Role of Dynamization in the Bone Healing Process2021-10-17

Dynamization (dynamic loading and controlled motion at the fracture site) is considered a controversial and evolving issue, besides the positive functional results observed both in experimental studies based on animal models, and in human clinical cases in the last 30 years. Currently one crucial matter is to understand the biomechanical, biological and physiological effects of dynamization on the bone healing process, in order to show its safety and effectiveness.

The Reverse Planning Method (RPM)2021-05-27

When an orthopedic surgeon has to perform a bone deformity correction, he or she may choose to apply an extrinsic method of correction such us an external fixator, or an intrinsic one, such us an intramedullary nail. In both cases, a surgeon will always have to consider the patient’s bone quality through three dimensional parameters: length, alignment and torsion, and accurately the entire 3D correction process. If using an intramedullary nail, an effective planning method is the Reverse Planning Method (RPM) developed by Prof. Rainer Baumgart in 2009.⁽¹⁾

The Surgical Approach to the Charcot Foot and Ankle Treatment2021-05-24

Charcot Foot and Ankle is a complex, challenging and sometimes devastating inflammatory foot disease which causes loss of sensation, weakening of the bones and collapse of the weight bearing joints. Most often due to diabetes and underlying neuropathic arthropathy, it needs a multidisciplinary team approach in order to treat it properly and prevent amputation.

The Orthofix Philosophy of Pediatric Solutions2021-05-23

A child may need the help of a pediatric orthopedic surgeon for many reasons: musculoskeletal injuries caused by playing a sport, jumping, climbing or cycling, and conditions that have to be treated by a specialized team. In addition to several pediatric solutions and a deep knowledge within the orthopedic surgical field, Orthofix offers a complete and effective treatment philosophy.

Internal Fixation vs External Fixation2021-05-22

A typical question that a surgeon has to face when deciding the treatment of a bony injury is when to use internal fixation instead of external fixation. A common answer is “when the patient is compliant, with sufficient bone and soft tissue quality, and presents less complex fractures”. Surgeon’s expertise and preference may also affect the final surgical plan.

Basic Considerations of Deformity Correction: Anatomical and Mechanical Axis2021-05-15

Bone deformity is a three-dimensional issue, considering the three-dimensional shape of bones and joints. All basic considerations of deformity correction by using an external device should include the fundamental concepts of Anatomical and Mechanical Axis. These concepts allow a better understanding of the effects of adjustments or modifications in one plane when managing a three-dimensional problem such as bone deformity.

The Multifocal Procedure with the Limb Reconstruction System (LRS)2021-05-14

The multifocal procedure, in which two osteotomies are performed, is indicated in the presence of large bone defects, extreme shortening, shortening combined with metaphyseal deformity where lengthening takes place in more than one site, and fractures with soft tissue defects and exposed bone. The application technique of the external device is quite similar to that for bone transport, with the only difference being that in this procedure two compression-distraction units are used simultaneously.

The Monofocal Procedure with the Limb Reconstruction System (LRS)2021-05-13

The monofocal procedure is performed for lengthening at a single osteotomy site, for deformity correction with or without lengthening, and when increased stability is required. This procedure may be also used in bone and soft tissue defects when the bone loss is less than 2cm.

The Bone Transport Technique2021-05-11

The bone transport technique allows regeneration of the bony tissue in the patient’s limb, in those cases associated with significant bone loss or defect – such as acute fractures, aseptic or infected nonunions, chronic bone infections, tumors, osteomyelitis. Bony regeneration is generally used to fill a gap or missing bone.

Key Points for Healthy Pin Sites2021-05-08

Preserving healthy pin sites is essential to effective external fixation, for the prevention of pin track infection and related complications. All people involved in the healing process – general practitioner, surgeon, nursing staff, patient and family – play a fundamental role in order to achieve the best result. Here are some useful key points.

What Is Arthrodiatasis (Articulated Joint Distraction)?2021-05-07

The term arthrodiatasis was first coined in 1979 in Verona, Italy. It comes from Greek, meaning “joint-through-to stretch out”, in a few words articulated distraction of the joint. It is a technique exclusively referring to external fixation, which was developed initially for the conservative treatment of the osteoarthritis of the hip, and later successfully used to cure other conditions.

What Is Arthrodesis (Joint Fusion)?2021-05-06

Arthrodesis may be defined as the surgical immobilization of a joint by fusion of the bones. It is commonly referred to as joint fusion, also known as artificial ankylosis or syndesis. It can be performed in several parts of the body, and it is indicated in the presence of painful joints, often due to arthritis or osteoarthritis, with highly compromised mobility.

The Orthofix Philosophy2021-05-05

“Respect for, and enhancement of the natural physiological process of fracture healing” may be considered the philosophy which has inspired the research and design of all products developed by Orthofix in the last 40 years, starting with the set of devices belonging to the internal and external fixation system.

Orthofix Dynamization and Initial Devices2021-05-03

The Orthofix history began at the end of the 70s in Italy with the work of orthopedic researcher Giovanni De Bastiani. He proposed the concept of “dynamization” and developed a modular external fixation device designed to allow the release of axial forces at the proper time during the healing process, thus transferring a progressive load to the fracture site. After this first device, other devices were developed by Orthofix to better satisfy patients’ and doctors’ needs.

The Concept of Dynamization2021-05-02

Stability does not mean rigidity. Medical philosophy has evolved from the aim to eliminate micromotion between the bony fragments to the idea of controlling it. Micromotion is necessary for external callus formation, and therefore for a functional bone healing. External fixation offers the opportunity to control both micromovement and load at the fracture site, which corresponds to the concept of dynamization.

Bone Healing and The Role of External Fixation2021-05-01

When a bone breaks, all the systems work for the bone healing. Fracture healing is a natural, physiological process, and the surgeon may help nature to restore the biological, structural and mechanical properties of the bone as they were before the break, transforming the fracture into a healed, normal and straight bone.

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